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4

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Lynn Margulis and other biologists believe that
a.
the mitochondrial DNA code was a parallel but more ancient code than nuclear DNA.
b.
mitochondria were at one time separate, free-living organisms similar to bacteria, rather than organelles.
c.
mitochondria were obligate symbionts, with both the mitochondrion and the cell it inhabited benefiting from the relationship.
d.
all of these
e.
none of these
 

 2. 
Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?
a.
anaphase
b.
interphase
c.
prophase
d.
metaphase
e.
telophase
 

 3. 
Nondisjunction occurs when
a.
a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.
b.
two chromosomes fuse into one.
c.
members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.
d.
chromosomes replicate too many times.
e.
an entire pair of chromosomes is lost during meiosis I.
 

 4. 
Which one of the following is false?
a.
The genetic makeup of an organism constitutes its genotype.
b.
The expressed physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype.
c.
Alleles are alternate forms of a gene.
d.
An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be heterozygous.
e.
An allele that is fully expressed is referred to as recessive.
 

 5. 
Alleles of a gene are found at __________ chromosomes.
a.
different loci on heterologous
b.
the same locus on heterologous
c.
different loci on homologous
d.
the same locus on homologous mitochondrial
e.
the same locus on homologous
 

 6. 
A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be __________ to transmit it to offspring.
a.
homozygous for the trait and unable
b.
homozygous for the trait and able
c.
heterozygous for the trait and able
d.
heterozygous for the trait and unable
e.
None of the choices are correct.
 

 7. 
Many genetic disorders of humans are caused by
a.
drinking during pregnancy.
b.
recessive alleles.
c.
a mutation that occurs in the egg, sperm, or zygote that gives rise to the affected individual.
d.
multiple alleles.
e.
None of the choices are correct.
 

 8. 
The vast majority of people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were
a.
not affected at all by the disease.
b.
subjected to some environmental toxin that caused the disease in their children.
c.
slightly affected by the disease, showing some but not all of the symptoms.
d.
both affected by the disease.
e.
None of the choices are correct.
 

 9. 
What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?
a.
two Y chromosomes
b.
one Y chromosome
c.
two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome
d.
two X chromosomes
e.
one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
 

 10. 
Which of the following is/are recessive sex-linked human conditions?
a.
red-green color blindness
b.
hemophilia
c.
muscular dystrophy
d.
All of the choices are correct.
e.
None of the choices are correct.
 

 11. 
Which one of the following is false?
a.
One RNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure.
b.
RNA is a nucleic acid.
c.
RNA uses the sugar dextrose.
d.
RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.
e.
RNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
 

 12. 
Which one of the following is false?
a.
DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
b.
DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose.
c.
DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.
d.
DNA is a nucleic acid.
e.
One DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure.
 

 13. 
Which one of the following sequences best describes the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?
a.
DNA ® tRNA ® mRNA ® protein
b.
RNA ® DNA ? RNA ® protein
c.
protein ® RNA ® DNA
d.
DNA ® RNA ® protein
e.
DNA ® amino acid ® RNA ® protein
 

 14. 
The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of __________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule.
a.
2
b.
4
c.
3
d.
1
e.
5
 

 15. 
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
a.
a translation.
b.
a mutation.
c.
a codon.
d.
an advantage.
e.
an anticodon.
 

 16. 
The coding regions of a gene (the portions that are expressed as polypeptide sequences) are called
a.
introns.
b.
nucleosomes.
c.
proto-oncogenes.
d.
redundant coding sections.
e.
exons.
 

 17. 
A population is
a.
a collection of communities.
b.
a group of individuals of different species living in the same place at the same time.
c.
the smallest unit that can evolve.
d.
applicable only to animals that reproduce asexually.
e.
All of the choices are correct.
 

 18. 
A change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population is called
a.
diversifying selection.
b.
microevolution.
c.
genetic drift.
d.
directional selection.
e.
mutation.
 

 19. 
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, homozygous dominant individuals in a population are represented by
a.
mc019-1.jpg.
b.
2pq.
c.
mc019-2.jpg.
d.
q or p.
e.
None of the choices are correct.
 

 20. 
In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes during G1, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?
a.
64
b.
32
c.
16
d.
8
e.
4
 

 21. 
Cells with two sets of genetic information are described by the term
a.
polyploid.
b.
diploid.
c.
triploid.
d.
haploid.
e.
tetraploid.
 
 
Use the diagram to answer the following questions.

nar001-1.jpg
 

 22. 
The entire process represented here can be called:
a.
gene expression.
b.
gene regulation.
c.
DNA replication.
d.
DNA mutation.
e.
Transformation.
 
 
The following diagram shows a cross section of a plant root tip.  Answer the questions based on your ability to identify the stage of the cell cycle the cells are in.
nar002-1.jpg
 

 23. 
Which cell is most likely to be in interphase?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
5
e.
6
 

 24. 
Which cell no longer contains DNA organized as sister chromatids?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
All of the above.
 
 
The next two questions refer to the following diagram.  1, 3, and 5 refer to the actual structure represented by the diagram.  2 and 4 refer to the event/stage represented by the arrow.

nar003-1.jpg
 

 25. 
Diagram (3) represents:
a.
centromeres.
b.
chromatin.
c.
a single molecule of DNA.
d.
two molecules of DNA that are exact copies of each other.
e.
homologous chromosomes.
 
 
Answer the following questions based on this graph and images:

The following graph was created using data collected through the “Natural Selection” done in class.  The “beans” used to simulate the prey population are diagramed below.

nar004-1.jpg
 

 26. 
The y axis (left side) represents which of the following?
a.
The allele frequency of the gene affecting “color”.
b.
The frequency of each “prey” phenotype.
c.
The number of each “prey” phenotype left in each generation.
d.
The fitness level of each phenotype.
e.
The effectiveness of each “predator” group to capture the “prey”.
 
 
The following four diagrams show the structures of different molecules.  Answer the following questions based on your ability to identify them.

nar005-1.jpg
 

 27. 
Which diagram represents the monomer units of proteins?
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
Both (2) and (4)
 

 28. 
Which molecule, when broken down into its monomers, is consumed in the glycolysis pathway?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
Both (2) and (3)
 
 
Using diagrams below answer the following questions.
nar006-1.jpg
 

 29. 
Which of the above diagrams show an unsaturated fat?
a.
1, 4, 5, 6
b.
2, 3, 1
c.
1, 2, 6, 4
d.
5, 3, 1
e.
all of the above
 
 
Using the diagram answer the following questions.

nar007-1.jpg
 

 30. 
Which of the following terms best describes this molecule?
a.
fatty acid
b.
saturated fatty acid
c.
polypeptide
d.
phospholipid
e.
triglyceride
 



 
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